National Socialism
Carrying the Dead to the Crematorium
Yehuda Bacon
ink on paper, 1945
"First they came for
the communists, and I did not speak out--
because I was not a communist;
Then they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out--
because I was not a socialist;
Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out--
because I was not a trade unionist;
Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out--
because I was not a Jew;
Then they came for me--
and there was no one left to speak out for me."
-- Martin Niemoeller
Recommended Websites
German Propaganda
Archive
German
Propaganda Posters
"Nazi
Approved Art": A Teachers Guide to the Holocaust
Josef
Thorak: Haus der Deutschen Kunst
Museum Arno Breker (German)
Arno Breker: Museum Europäische Kunst (German)
Arno Breker:
Wikipedia
1936
Berlin Olympic Stadium
Still
Images from "The Eternal Jew"
The Last
Expression: Art and Auschwitz
Learning
About the Holocaust Through Art
The
Courage to Remember: The Holocaust 1933-1945 (Simon Wiesenthal
Center)
Music of the
Holocaust
John
Heartfield: The Getty
John Heartfield
John
Heartfield: George Eastman House
John
Heartfield: Spartacus
John
Heartfield: Cut and Paste
Library
Resources
Graduate Readings: "Expressionism and the Third Reich" by Ida Katherine
Rigby; essay from Art and Race (1928) by Paul
Schultze-Naumburg, "Revolution in the Visual Arts" by Alfred Rosenberg
from Völkische Beobachter (1933); exerpt from Vital
Questions about the Visual Arts by Robert Scholz (1937); and "Guide
to the Degenerate Art Exhibition, 1937" by Fritz Kaiser in Rose-Carole
Washton Long, German Expressionism: Documents from
the End of the Wilhelmine Empire to the Rise of National Socialism
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), pp.
296-311. Questions: What are the various
criteria used by the National Socialists to evaluate German art of the
20th Century?, ie. what are some of the reasons that art and/or artists
were rejected or labeled "degenerate"? Review the guidebook for
the "Degenerate Art" exhibition. Suggest one artist whose work we
have viewed in class that would have "fit" the criteria stated for each
group (with the exception of Group 8, which you may or may not be
prepared to answer). Explain briefly your reasons for selecting the
artists you choose.